Homeobox Genes DataBase






Drosophila /Vertebrate Genes in Development:











Bicoid






Definition:

The maternally transcribed gene bicoid organizes anterior development
in Drosophila. Bicoid encodes a homeodomain-containing transcriptional
factor, its gradient acting to position the transcription of gap and pair
rule genes along the anterior-posterior axis.







Expression Patterns:




BCD forms "exponential-in-distance" anterior-posterior gradient in early
embryo.


3D
representation of the BCD morphogenetic gradient


Segmentation Prepatterns







Regulatory Connections:











Upstream Genes









Serendipity Delta












bicoid







c'n'c

btd

ems

otd

hb

kr

kni

kni-r

gt

tll

eve

run

slp

Dfd

gsc

ph










Downstream Genes










Downstream Genes:






Upstream Genes:







Links:









Bibliography

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domain of Bicoid is specifically required for its down-regulation by the
Torso receptor tyrosine kinase cascade. Development 122, 3499-3508


Boring, L. Weir, M. and Schubiger, G. (1993). Egg ligation alters the
Bcd protein gradient and segmentation gene expression in embryos of Drosophila.
Mech Dev 42: 97-111


Driever, W. and Nüsslein-Volhard, C. (1988). A gradient of bicoid
protein in Drosophila embryos. Cell 54: 83-93


Dubnau, J. and Struhl, G. (1996). RNA recognition and translational
regulation of a homeodomain protein. Nature 379: 694-699


Fauvarque, M.O., Zuber, V and Dura, J. M. (1995). Regulation of polyhomeotic
transcription may involve local changes in chromatin activity in Drosophila.
Mech Dev 52: 343-355


Ferrandon, D., et al. (1994). Staufen protein associates with the 3'UTR
of bicoid mRNA to form particles that move in a microtubule-dependent manner.
Cell 79: 1221-1232


Finkelstein, R. and Perrimon, N. (1990). The orthodenticle gene
is regulated by bicoid and torso and specifies Drosophila head development.
Nature 346: 485-8


Frigerio, G., et al. (1986). Structure of the segmentation gene paired
and the Drosophila PRD gene set as part of a gene network. Cell 47:
735-46


Fröhnhofer, H.G. and Nüsslein-Volhard, C. (1986). Organization
of anterior pattern in the Drosophila embryo by the maternal gene
bicoid. Nature 324: 120-125


Gao, Q., Wang, Y. and Finkelstein, R. (1996). orthodenticle regulation
during embryonic head development in Drosophila. Mech. Dev. 56:
3-15


Gavis, E. R. and Lehmann, R. (1994). Translational regulation of nanos
by RNA localization. Nature 369: 315-8


Gillespie, D. E., and Berg, C. A. (1995). Homeless is required for RNA
localization in Drosophila oogenesis and encodes a new member of the DE-H
family of RNA-dependent ATPases. Genes Dev 9: 2495-2508


Goriely, A., et al. (1996). A functional homologue of goosecoid
in Drosophila. Development 122: 1641-1650


Gottlieb, E. (1992). The 3' untranslated region of localized maternal
messages contains a conserved motif involved in mRNA localization. Proc
Natl Acad Sci 89: 7164-8


Grossniklaus, U., Cadigan, K. M. and Gehring, W. J. (1994). Three maternal
coordinate systems cooperate in the patterning of the Drosophila head.
Development 120: 3155-3171.


Hanes, S. D., et al. (1994). Specific DNA recognition and intersite
spacing are critical for action of the bicoid morphogen. Mol Cell Biol
14: 3364-75


Hoch, M., Seifert, E. and Jaeckle, H. (1991). Gene expression mediated
by cis-acting sequences of the Krüppel gene in response to
the Drosophila morphogens bicoid and hunchback. EMBO J. 10:2267-2278


Ip, Y. T., Levine, M. and Small, S. J. (1992). The bicoid and dorsal
morphogens use a similar strategy to make stripes in the Drosophila embryo.
J Cell Sci Suppl 16: 33-8


Jack, T. and McGinnis, W. (1990). Establishment of the Deformed expression
stripe requires the combinatorial action of coordinate, gap and pair-rule
proteins. EMBO J 9: 1187-98


Kerszberg, M. and Changeux, J. P. (1994). A model for reading morphogenetic
gradients: autocatalysis and competition at the gene level. Proc Natl Acad
Sci 91: 5823-7


Lane, M. E. and Kalderon, D. (1994). RNA localization along the anteroposterior
axis of the Drosophila oocyte requires PKA-mediated signal transduction
to direct normal microtubule organization. Genes Dev 8: 2986-2995


Liaw, G.-J. and Lengyel, J.A. (1992). Control of tailless expression
by bicoid, dorsal and synergistically interacting terminal system
regulation elements. Mech. Dev. 40: 47-61


Liaw, G. J. and Lengyel, J. A. (1993). Control of tailless expression
by bicoid, dorsal and synergistically interacting terminal system regulatory
elements. Mech Dev 40: 47-61


Luk, S. K., et al. (1994). Components acting in localization of bicoid
mRNA are conserved among Drosophila species. Genetics 137: 521-530


Macdonald, P. M., et al. (1993). RNA regulatory element BLE1 directs
the early steps of bicoid mRNA localization. Development 118: 1233-43


Macdonald, P. M., Leask, A. and Kerr, K. (1995). exl protein
specifically binds BLE1, a bicoid mRNA localization element, and
is required for one phase of its activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 92: 10787-10791


Payre, F., Crozatier, M. and Vincent, A. (1994). Direct control of transcription
of the Drosophila morphogen bicoid by the serendipity delta zinc
finger protein, as revealed by in vivo analysis of a finger swap. Genes
Dev. 8: 2718-28


Pignoni, F., Steingrimsson, E. and Lengyel, J.A. (1992). bicoid
and the terminal system activate tailless expression in the early
Drosophila embryo. Development 115: 239--251


Pokrywka, N. J. and Stephenson, E. C. (1995). Microtubules are a general
component of mRNA localization systems in Drosophila oocytes. Dev. Biol.
167: 363-70


Ronchi, E., et al. (1993). Down-regulation of the Drosophila morphogen
bicoid by the torso receptor-mediated signal transduction cascade.
Cell 74: 347-55


Roth, S., et al (1995). cornichon and the EGF receptor
signaling process are necessary for both anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral
pattern formation in Drosophila. Cell 81: 967-978


Salles, F. J., et al. (1994). Coordinate initiation of Drosophila development
by regulated polyadenylation of maternal messenger RNAs. Science 266: 1996-1999


Sauer, F., Hansen, S. K. and Tjian, R. (1995). DNA template and activator-coactivator
requirements for transcriptional synergism by Drosophila bicoid.
Science 270: 1825-1828


Sauer, F., Hansen, S. K. and Tjian, R. (1996). Multiple TAFIIs directing
synergistic activation of transcription. Science 270: 1783-1788


Serano, T. L. and Cohen, R. S. (1995). A small predicted stem-loop structure
mediates oocyte localization of Drosophila K10 mRNA. Development 121: 3809-3818


Simpson-Brose, M., Treisman, J. and Desplan, C. (1994) Synergy between
the hunchback and bicoid morphogens is required for anterior
patterning in Drosophila. Cell 78: 855-865


Small, S., Blair, A. and Levine, M. (1992). Regulation of even-skipped
stripe 2 in the Drosophila embryo. EMBO J 11: 4047-57


Tsai, C, and Gergen, J. P. (1994). Gap gene properties of the pair-rule
gene runt during Drosophila segmentation. Development 120: 1671-1683


Walldorf, U. and Gehring, W. J. (1992). empty spiracles, a gap
gene containing a homeobox involved in Drosophila head development. EMBO
J 11: 2247-59


Wang, S. and Hazelrigg, T. (1994). Implications for bcd mRNA
localization from spatial distribution of exu protein in Drosophila
oogenesis. Nature 369: 400-03


Wharton, R. P. and Struhl, G. (1991). RNA regulatory elements mediate
control of Drosophila body pattern by the posterior morphogen nanos. Cell
67: 955-67


Wimmer, E. A., et al., (1995). Trans- and cis-acting requirements
for blastodermal expression of the head gap gene buttonhead. Mech.
Dev. 53: 235-245






[up]Seg-Net[Up]HOX-pro DB










Comments are welcome to
Alex Spirov



Structure of the HOX Pro DB